Bioprinting has emerged as a groundbreaking technology in the realms of organ transplantation and regenerative medicine, addressing critical challenges such as organ shortages and tissue repair. This review explores the technological advancements and innovations in bioprinting, highlighting state-of-the-art techniques, bioinks, and applications in tissue engineering. Key milestones in printing functional tissues, including vascularized and transplantable organ prototypes, are discussed alongside the role of bioprinting in personalized medicine, where patient-oriented models are revolutionizing drug testing and therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, this article examines the challenges and ethical considerations associated with bioprinting, offering insights into its future potential to transform global healthcare.

Tick-borne viral encephalitis (TBE) remains a serious threat to the Russian population, especially in remote regions (Siberian, Ural, Northwestern, Far Eastern districts), where high tick activity is combined with limited access to medical care. The main methods of prevention include vaccination and the use of TBE immunoglobulin and interferon inducers. Vaccination reduces the risk of disease but does not provide complete protection. TBE immunoglobulin is effective only in the first 96 h after tick suction, but its use is limited because of the high cost, complexity of transportation, and low availability in remote areas. Iodophenazone is a proven drug for emergency prevention. Its advantages: it is used both before and after tick suction; the tablet form simplifies use in the absence of medical infrastructure; it is economical (the cost of prevention is lower than for TBE immunoglobulin); reduces the risk of developing severe forms of TBE (odds ratio: 0.162 vs 1.568 without prevention); minimal side effects; and no need for special storage conditions. It is important to inform the public about the proper removal of ticks and the availability of iodophenazone, especially in endemic areas. Iodophenazone is a critically important agent for preventing TBE in remote regions of Russia, combining effectiveness, accessibility, and ease of use. It can reduce morbidity, optimize healthcare costs, and preserve the health of thousands of people.

The purpose of the study was to study the features of sanatorium-resort treatment of patients after cholecystectomy using non — medicinal and natural therapeutic resources on the basis of the «Sosnovy Bor» sanatorium (Yaroslavl region).

Materials and methods. The study involved 63 people aged 54 to 69 years with a history of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Men made up 42.9 % (n=27), women 57.1 % (n=36). All participants, depending on the treatment tactics, were divided into 2 groups: research and control.

Results. As a result, natural factors were identified and methods of physical rehabilitation were adjusted, which have a positive effect during complex rehabilitation treatment after gallbladder removal in middle-aged and elderly people.

Background. The COVID-19 health crisis has had a major impact on public health, leading to the transition from teaching to online teaching due to school closures. Research conducted across five continents has revealed a lack of knowledge regarding how to assess various aspects of disruption during major disasters such as COVID-19. There is a lack of data on the physical development and health of medical students who have completed distance learning at school.

Objective of this study was to assess the physical development and health of 1st-year female students of Yaroslavl State Medical University (YSMU) who received distance learning at school during the COVID-19 pandemic and isolation.

Materials and methods. From September to November 2024, the Department of Physical Education and Sports of YSMU conducted a comprehensive examination of 84 1st and 2nd-year female students of the university who studied at secondary school during the COVID-19 period in the context of distance learning and decreased physical activity. The comparison group consisted of 192 female students enrolled in the 1st and 2nd courses of YSMU in 2016. Anthropometric observation was conducted by calculating the body mass index and performing functional tests of the respiratory (Shtange and Genchi`s tests) and cardiovascular systems. Based on the results of the medical examination by the medical commission, students with pathology were identified. Quantitative data were processed using the method of variation statistics.

Results. The average age of first-year female students in 2024 was 20.4±0.8, in 2016–21.8±0.7 years. Female students in 2024 were distinguished by a significant increase in the proportion of students with overweight and grade 1 obesity. The results of functional tests in female students in 2024 indicate a decrease in the functional reserve of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. In 2024, differences in the health of female students amounted to 40 %. At the same time, a fifth of the pathologies are due to digestive system disorders.

Conclusions: 1) first-year female students of 2024, who were in distance learning mode during the COVID-19 pandemic, differed from the comparison group in terms of excess body weight and an increase in the number of students with grade 1 obesity; 2) deviations in the health of female students of 2024 are more common than in 2016, the most common pathology of the digestive system.

This article describes a clinical case of a 28-year-old woman with a long history of chronic anemia (observed since 2017), hepatosplenomegaly, mesenteric lymphadenopathy, and proteinuria, initially diagnosed as chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis with CKD Stage 2. In April 2024, the patient was hospitalized to clarify the diagnosis: a series of laboratory and instrumental studies were conducted, including a nephrobiopsy using standard methods, which did not reveal amyloid deposits. In November 2024, based on a re-evaluation of previously obtained nephrobiopsies using additional staining methods (Congo red staining, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry), massive amyloid deposits were detected, predominantly consisting of lysozyme, which allowed establishing the final diagnosis — genetically determined lysozyme amyloidosis of the kidneys. This case underscores the importance of dynamic observation and repeated morphological analysis in cases of clinical discordance and the use of specialized research methods to clarify rare variants of amyloidosis.

Objective. To evaluate the informative value of the ratio of the absolute number of neutrophils to lymphocytes (NLR) and platelets to lymphocytes (PLR) in predicting cardiac complications during thoracic oncological operations.

Materials and methods. Seventy-one patients aged 64 [60–71] years who underwent routine inpatient treatment in the thoracic surgery department were examined.

Results. Concomitant cardiac diseases were diagnosed in 65 (91.6 %) patients. Cardiac complications in the form of a composite outcome were detected in 9 (12.7 %) patients, including 1 cardiac death. Both hematological indices were not predictors of CVD, both in assessing the composite outcome (NLR: OR — 1.23; 95 % CI — 0.19–3.46; p=0.07, PLR: OR — 0.85; 95 % CI — 0.89–2.02; p=0.68), and in relation to one case of cardiac mortality (p >0.05).

Conclusion. The use of the hematological indices NLR and PLR cannot be recommended for predicting cardiac complications during thoracic oncological operations.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease of unknown etiology that represents a considerable burden for both the patient and the healthcare system. The degree to which inflammation is being controlled determines the prognosis; therefore, achieving remission or low disease activity is of paramount importance to medical practitioners. The effectiveness of the currently employed treatment regimen for a specific patient is determined by the disease activity indices and the change in their values during treatment. The commonly used RA disease activity indices are the result of a painstaking search for the optimal set of clinical, laboratory and instrumental parameters reflecting the underlying pathogenesis of inflammation in RA spanning half a century. Routine laboratory tests not included in these indices can nevertheless provide additional valuable information regarding the disease. The new coronavirus infection, COVID-19, has similar pathogenetic mechanisms with immunoinflammatory rheumatic diseases, and its clinical and laboratory consequences in the form of postcovid-19 syndrome, make it difficult to assess the activity of RA using existing activity indices, raise the question of the need to take them into account when assessing the effectiveness and choosing the tactics of treatment of a patient with RA.

Background. Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) represents a global medical problem, affecting 25 % of the world's population with an annual registration of 1.2 million cases of tuberculosis in children under 15 years of age.

Objective. To determine the features of the somatic status in children with LTBI without identified contacts with tuberculosis patients who are MbT+.

Materials and methods. A prospective controlled study of 40 children (20 children with LTBI without contacts with tuberculosis patients and 20 without LTBI (control)) aged 8–17 years was conducted.

Results. Children with LTBI showed a 30 % decrease in the phagocytic activity of leukocytes relative to the norm, frequent respiratory infections (89 %), and multiple comorbid disorders: grade 2 obesity (50 % versus 10 % in the control), connective tissue dysplasia (40 % versus 10 %), allergic diseases (60 %), dental caries and aphthous stomatitis (34 % versus 8.5 %). High titers of antibodies to Giardia (3.2 times higher than control) contribute to the suppression of the immune response, creating conditions for the persistence of M. tuberculosis. Primary tuberculosis infection in children with LTBI occurred before the age of 3 years in 60 % of cases, whereas in the control group, it occurred only in 10 %. Despite long-term anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy, a positive reaction to the Diaskin test persisted in 90 % of children with LTBI, which is associated with the formation of resident memory T-cells.

Conclusions. Children with LTBI without contacts represent a group with a unique immuno-metabolic profile requiring a personalized approach, an expanded vaccination schedule, and interdisciplinary follow-up for at least 5 years to reduce the risks of developing active tuberculosis and correct comorbid conditions.

Relevance. The Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected all countries of the world and has renewed attention to the timely prevention of viral infections through specific immunization of the general population. However, some issues related to the safety of vaccine administration and the production of autoantibodies after immunization remain unclear.

Objective. To evaluate the dynamics of the formation of a specific immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, autoantibody production and interrelationships between them during vaccination with Gam-COVID-Vac (Sputnik V) in healthy young adults.

Material and methods. The retrospective study included 45 practically healthy students who were fully vaccinated with two components of Gam-COVID-Vac at the university medical center and made 3 follow-up visits to the center. There were 32 females (71.0%) and 13 males (29.0%) aged 19 to 28 years, with a median age of 23.00 [22.00;24.00] years. All trainees were analyzed for IgG and IgM antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using SARS-CoV-2-IgG-IgG-IFA-BEST and SARS-CoV-2-IgM-IFA-BEST test systems, as well as IgG antibodies to double-helix deoxyribonucleic acid (anti-dsDNA) using kits (Vecto-dsDNA-IgG) of Vector-Best JSC (Russia). The concentration of IgM and IgG antibodies to cardiolipin (IgM aCL, IgG aCL) by the ELISA method (kits of ORGenTec Diagnostika, Germany) was investigated three times in 29 patients. Statistical processing of the results was performed using the generally accepted methods of parametric and nonparametric analysis.

Results. In the examined individuals before vaccination with Gam-COVID-Vac, the levels of IgM SARS-CoV-2 and IgG SARS-CoV-2 were low and within the reference values. After administration of the first component of the vaccine, the level of IgM SARS-CoV-2 increased significantly compared with the period before vaccination (KP: 0.28 [0.17;1.25] u.u. and 0.07 [0.04;0.09] u.u., respectively, p <0.001). It remained significantly high, compared to baseline, after stage 2 vaccination (KP: 0.13 [0.07;0.37] u.u., p <0.001), but underwent a significant decrease after administration of the second vaccine component, compared to the data after stage 1 (p <0.01). After the first stage of vaccination, the KP for IgM SARS-CoV-2 exceeded values of 1.1 cfu in 14 (31.11%) individuals, but decreased to 11.11% after the second stage. After administration of the first vaccine component, compared with the baseline period, there was a dramatic increase in both the concentration of IgG SARS-CoV-2 (KP:10.24 [6.78;12.44] u.u. and 0.06 [0.05;0.11] u.u., respectively, p <0.001) and the occurrence of their high values. The detection rate of SARS-CoV-2 IgG (KP: greater than 1.1 u.u.) after vaccination with the first component was 91.11%, and after administration of the second component, it reached 100.0%. After administration of the first component of the vaccine, a significantly higher level of IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 was found in men compared to women (KP 12.44 [10.24;15.78] u.u. and KP 9.75 [4.50;11.95] u.u., respectively, p <0.01). In women, there was a significant increase in IgG aCL levels (1.41 [1.02;1.62] GPL U/mL and 1.00 [0.87;1.32] GPL U/mL, respectively, p <0.05) and a trend toward higher IgG anti-dsDNA and IgM aCL concentrations (p >0.05) after stage 2 vaccination compared with those of the opposite sex. IgG anti-dsDNA values before vaccination and after administration of the first component of the vaccine were not significantly different (p >0.05). However, after the second step, the level of IgG anti-dsDNA increased and almost reached significant differences with the initial one (p=0.05). The concentration of IgG aCL increased, reaching significant differences after the second-stage vaccination compared to before (1.37 [1.02;1.51] GPL U/mL and 1.00 [0.81;1.40] GPL U/mL, respectively, p <0.05). Only in women, IgM aCL and IgG anti-dsDNA were detected in low titer after administration of the first or second components of the drug. IgG aCL were not detected in any case.

Conclusions. In men and women of young age, a specific antiviral immune response is effectively formed when vaccinated with the Gam-COVID Vac. It is more pronounced in men than in women, especially after administration of the first component of the vaccine, but is not associated with the production of certain types of autoantibodies characteristic of immunoinflammatory rheumatic diseases. In women after vaccination, in some cases there is induction of IgG anti-dsDNA or IgM aCL synthesis, but their concentration is low and transient.